Generated at: 2026-10-28 18:28:58
1 Overview
This report benchmarks CubeSandbox across the following dimensions:
- 3.2 Cold-Start Latency and Concurrency Scaling: creation latency, wall time per successful sandbox and throughput when creating sandboxes in batches at different concurrency levels.
- 3.3 Single-Host Deployment Density (Memory Overhead): launch sandboxes in batches to measure single-host capacity and per-instance memory overhead.
- 4.1 Snapshot Creation vs Concurrency: snapshot creation time as concurrency grows.
- 4.2 Snapshot Creation vs Dirty Page Size: snapshot creation time as the dirty page size grows.
- 4.3 Create Sandbox from Snapshot: time to start sandboxes from a Snapshot.
- 4.4 Rollback: time to roll back to a Snapshot.
- 4.5 Clone: time to clone a sandbox.
- 4.6 Pause / Resume: time to pause and resume a sandbox.
2 Test Environment
| Item | Detail |
|---|
| OS | TencentOS Server 4 |
| Kernel | Linux 6.6.119-53.6.tl4.x86_64 |
| Arch | x86_64 |
| CPU Model | Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8255C CPU @ 2.50GHz |
| CPU Config | 96 logical CPUs (2 sockets, 24 cores/socket, 2 threads/core) |
| NUMA Nodes | 2 |
| Total Memory | 375Gi |
| Data Disk | sda(446.1G) nvme0n1(3.5T) nvme1n1(3.5T) |
| Cubelet Nodes | 1 |
| Host Quota mcpu_limit | 1000000 |
| Host Quota mem_limit | 1024Gi |
| Host Quota mvm_limit | 0 |
| Host Quota creation_concurrent_num | 0 |
3 Create Sandbox from Template
3.1 Sandbox Spec and Test Image
| Item | Detail |
|---|
| Sandbox Spec | 2 vCPU / 2000 MiB memory |
| Test Image | cube-sandbox-cn.tencentcloudcr.com/cube-sandbox/sandbox-code:latest |
| Template ID | tpl-787cc8692d384449b51ab22d |
| Writable Layer Size | 1G |
| Expose Ports | 49999, 49983 |
| Probe Port | 49999 |
| Cube CA | false |
| SDK Version | 0.7.3 |
| Repo Commit | 9b75d33 |
3.2 Cold-Start Latency and Concurrency Scaling
| Concurrency | Requests (successful) | avg | min | p95 | max | Wall/successful sandbox | Throughput |
|---|
| 1 | 20 | 41.0 ms | 36.8 ms | 52.3 ms | 53.4 ms | 41.1 ms | 24.3 /s |
| 10 | 200 | 47.9 ms | 42.7 ms | 56.6 ms | 58.9 ms | 4.8 ms | 207.3 /s |
| 20 | 300 | 56.0 ms | 47.8 ms | 66.0 ms | 74.1 ms | 2.9 ms | 349.8 /s |
| 50 | 500 | 92.4 ms | 61.4 ms | 121.9 ms | 188.3 ms | 2.0 ms | 512.1 /s |
3.3 Single-Host Deployment Density (Memory Overhead)
| Live Sandboxes | Used Memory | Per-VM Amortized Overhead |
|---|
| 0 (baseline) | 19537 MiB | — |
| 100 | 21408 MiB | ~ 18.71 MiB |
| 200 | 23806 MiB | ~ 21.34 MiB |
| 300 | 26327 MiB | ~ 22.63 MiB |
| 400 | 29009 MiB | ~ 23.68 MiB |
| 500 | 31827 MiB | ~ 24.58 MiB |
4 Snapshot Operations
All times in this chapter are in milliseconds (ms). Write size and dirty page size are in MiB.
4.1 Snapshot Creation vs Concurrency
| Concurrency | Rounds | wall avg | wall min | wall p95 | wall max | per-snapshot avg |
|---|
| 1 | 5 | 35.6 | 34.7 | 36.4 | 36.4 | 35.6 |
| 5 | 5 | 49.5 | 48.7 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 9.9 |
| 10 | 5 | 66.4 | 64.8 | 68.8 | 68.8 | 6.6 |
4.2 Snapshot Creation vs Dirty Page Size
| Write Size | Dirty Page | snapshot avg | snapshot min | snapshot p95 | snapshot max | create sandbox avg | create sandbox min | create sandbox p95 | create sandbox max |
|---|
| 0 | 6.5 | 35.5 | 35.0 | 36.1 | 36.1 | 58.3 | 51.6 | 62.5 | 62.5 |
| 10 | 39.8 | 51.9 | 49.6 | 53.1 | 53.1 | 54.9 | 53.7 | 56.7 | 56.7 |
| 50 | 121.5 | 74.6 | 71.2 | 79.1 | 79.1 | 53.2 | 51.2 | 55.8 | 55.8 |
| 100 | 194.4 | 91.7 | 90.3 | 94.0 | 94.0 | 58.6 | 56.8 | 61.2 | 61.2 |
| 200 | 296.1 | 121.1 | 114.7 | 130.7 | 130.7 | 52.6 | 51.5 | 54.5 | 54.5 |
| 500 | 397.7 | 142.1 | 131.9 | 161.9 | 161.9 | 53.1 | 52.7 | 53.9 | 53.9 |
| 800 | 908.5 | 277.4 | 260.9 | 301.2 | 301.2 | 52.9 | 51.1 | 54.5 | 54.5 |
| 1024 | 1137.0 | 332.4 | 314.7 | 367.5 | 367.5 | 57.8 | 50.0 | 65.2 | 65.2 |
4.3 Create Sandbox from Snapshot
| Concurrency | n/round | Rounds | wall avg | wall min | wall p95 | wall max | per-sandbox avg |
|---|
| 1 | 1 | 3 | 53.1 | 51.3 | 55.1 | 55.1 | 53.1 |
| 10 | 10 | 3 | 81.0 | 69.8 | 86.6 | 86.6 | 8.1 |
| 20 | 20 | 3 | 105.4 | 102.6 | 106.8 | 106.8 | 5.3 |
| 50 | 50 | 3 | 191.7 | 189.9 | 194.3 | 194.3 | 3.8 |
4.4 Rollback
| Concurrency | Rounds | wall avg | wall min | wall p95 | wall max | per-rollback avg |
|---|
| 1 | 5 | 68.4 | 57.8 | 86.4 | 86.4 | 68.4 |
| 5 | 5 | 131.3 | 120.1 | 154.2 | 154.2 | 26.3 |
| 10 | 5 | 210.4 | 201.9 | 216.5 | 216.5 | 21.0 |
4.5 Clone
| n | Concurrency | Rounds | wall avg | wall min | wall p95 | wall max | per-clone avg |
|---|
| 1 | 1 | 5 | 184.3 | 179.5 | 194.0 | 194.0 | 184.3 |
| 100 | 10 | 2 | 692.4 | 689.9 | 694.9 | 694.9 | 6.9 |
| 100 | 20 | 2 | 497.7 | 483.0 | 512.5 | 512.5 | 5.0 |
| 100 | 50 | 2 | 458.1 | 454.4 | 461.8 | 461.8 | 4.6 |
4.6 Pause / Resume
| Concurrency | Rounds | wall avg (Pause) | wall min | wall p95 | wall max | per-pause avg | wall avg (Resume) | wall min | wall p95 | wall max | per-resume avg |
|---|
| 1 | 5 | 85.9 | 84.4 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 85.9 | 132.1 | 131.2 | 134.2 | 134.2 | 132.1 |
| 5 | 5 | 100.9 | 98.6 | 102.5 | 102.5 | 20.2 | 244.4 | 220.9 | 289.4 | 289.4 | 48.9 |
| 10 | 5 | 116.9 | 115.7 | 118.4 | 118.4 | 11.7 | 899.0 | 884.4 | 909.9 | 909.9 | 89.9 |
